Date: Tue, 22 Feb 94 08:12:14 PST From: Info-Hams Mailing List and Newsgroup Errors-To: Info-Hams-Errors@UCSD.Edu Reply-To: Info-Hams@UCSD.Edu Precedence: Bulk Subject: Info-Hams Digest V94 #190 To: Info-Hams Info-Hams Digest Tue, 22 Feb 94 Volume 94 : Issue 190 Today's Topics: A transmission line loss question Callsign allocations callsign server info IRC questions ... Jeff Gold (2 msgs) MOTOROLA MITREK Ohio/Penn DX Bulletin #148 TS830s FOR SALE!!! UHF repeater antenna bug Send Replies or notes for publication to: Send subscription requests to: Problems you can't solve otherwise to brian@ucsd.edu. Archives of past issues of the Info-Hams Digest are available (by FTP only) from UCSD.Edu in directory "mailarchives/info-hams". We trust that readers are intelligent enough to realize that all text herein consists of personal comments and does not represent the official policies or positions of any party. Your mileage may vary. So there. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Mon, 21 Feb 1994 10:21:21 -0600 From: elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!usc!cs.utexas.edu!asuvax!pitstop.mcd.mot.com!mcdphx!schbbs!mothost!lmpsbbs!NewsWatcher!user@ames.arpa Subject: A transmission line loss question To: info-hams@ucsd.edu In article , tomb@lsid.hp.com (Tom Bruhns) wrote: > I have a perverse question about feeding an antenna with a coaxial > transmission line. This is intended as food for thought. (You've > been warned ;-) > > Assume you have a 50 ohm antenna you want to use on a single > frequency in the two meter band. You will be feeding it with > about 100 feet of coax, which will be cut to an exact integer > multiple number of half-wavelengths on the operating frequency. > Which of the following two transmission lines will you choose > to give lower loss? > > A. 50 ohm air-insulated copper line with 1" OD > > B. 75 ohm air-insulated copper line with 1" OD -- in other > words, same line as in (A), but a smaller center conductor. > > 73, K7ITM This one comes under the "Brain-Teaser of the Month" category. However, the solution is not that difficult. The 50 ohm cable will always exhibit 1.0 VSWR at the radio end, since it has the same impedance as the antenna. The 75 ohm line will have more than double the I^2*R losses (VSWR^2 = 2.25) because the peak current is 1.5 times that of 50 ohm cable. AND NOW REALITY ENTERS THE PICTURE: To make things even worse for the 75 ohm mismatched cable, the difficulty of adjusting the line length as the copper expands and contracts with ambient temperature is aggravated by the black plastic jacket that raises the temperature during summer sunlight but does not help during winter nights. Therefore the transmitter sees a load phase angle that varies with outdoor ambient temperature as the 75 ohm physical line changes electrical length. -- Karl Beckman, P.E. < STUPIDITY is an elemental force for which > Motorola Comm - Fixed Data < no earthquake is a match. -- Karl Kraus > Some of the opinions expressed above aren't even claimed by the author! Amateur radio WA8NVW @ K8MR.NEOH.USA.NA NavyMARS VBH @ NOGBN ------------------------------ Date: 21 Feb 1994 17:00:21 GMT From: elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!usc!howland.reston.ans.net!wupost!bigfoot.wustl.edu!cec3!jlw3@ames.arpa Subject: Callsign allocations To: info-hams@ucsd.edu hamilton on BIX (hamilton@BIX.com) wrote: : oo7@astro.as.utexas.edu (Derek Wills) writes: : >hamilton@BIX.com (hamilton on BIX) asks: : >>>But what can you do to lookup an international callsign? I'm not : >>>aware if there's even an ascii text file out there someplace that would : >>>allow me to do even the simplest lookup of the prefix to determine : >>>what country it's from. (This month's CQ contains such a list, but : >>>you can bet I'm not ready to key it in myself. :-) : >>>What machine-readable resources are available for looking up international : >>>calls? : > Don't people read words and books by eye any more? The ARRL log : > books and many other sources have all this information listed on : > a couple of pages - you know, printing on paper. When you hear : > an unfamiliar callsign, you look at the piece of paper. It's : > much like looking in a dictionary - a real book, that is, not an : > "on-line word source". : > Can you tell that I was born before computers became popular? : Thank you for your helpful, warm remarks. : NOT!! : Look, let's not be a jerk. It should have been clear from my post, ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ I think this goes for you too, Doug. His response didn't look too much like a flame; don't turn this into a flame war. Remember that everybody is entitled to his own opinion, even if it isn't the same as yours. : which in its original form mentioned that I had a listing from this : month's CQ but that I really wanted something in electronic form, : that if I wanted something on paper, I already had it. The reason : I like things in computer readable form is because my office is : absolutely overflowing with paper! If I go away for a week, the : amount of new paper that arrives in the mail will more than fill : one of those boxes Hammermill uses for 10 reams of copy paper. : We're talking about a serious problem with too goddam much paper! I hope you're recycling!!! You can *really* save some trees out there. : Yours, : Doug Hamilton hamilton@bix.com Ph 508-358-5715 : Hamilton Laboratories, 13 Old Farm Road, Wayland, MA 01778-3117 ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 21 Feb 1994 16:32:47 GMT From: catfish!cscsun!dtiller@uunet.uu.net Subject: callsign server info To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Scott Ehrlich (wy1z@netcom.com) wrote: : telnet callsign.cs.buffalo.edu 2000 : also : telnet electra.cs.buffalo.edu 2000 : Same system. As a system admin, I think you'll be doing the folks at Buffalo a major favor by using the alias they've set up. It is there for two reasons: 1) So that it'll be easy to remember. Callsign is pretty discriptive. 2) So that they can change the underlying real machine if they need to. You won't see the switch if you use the published alias. If you insist on using the real name, you'll be out of luck. You'll also either have to waste bandwidth here or to the guys at buffalo to see if it still works or whatever. Please use the alias!!!! -- David Tiller | Network Administrator | Voice: (804) 752-3710 | dtiller@rmc.edu | Randolph-Macon College| Fax: (804) 752-7231 | "Drunk, [Beowulf] slew | P.O. Box 5005 | ICBM: 37d 42' 43.75" N | no hearth companions." | Ashland, Va 23005 | 77d 31' 32.19" W | ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 21 Feb 1994 16:27:47 GMT From: rd1.InterLan.COM!sun1.interlan.com!tavernin@uunet.uu.net Subject: IRC questions ... To: info-hams@ucsd.edu How many Internation Reply Coupons are need for return postage of a QSL card ... does the number of IRCs differ from country to country? or is one IRC all that is necessary to send? Thanks, Victor Tavernini, KE4JMY Racal-Datacom, Inc. tavernin@sun1.interlan.com ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 22 Feb 1994 12:59:06 GMT From: agate!library.ucla.edu!csulb.edu!csus.edu!netcom.com!greg@network.ucsd.edu Subject: Jeff Gold To: info-hams@ucsd.edu In article kg7bk@indirect.com (Cecil Moore) writes: >"Well I will say it flat out:" Jeff Gold "is a liar. I caught him at it >first hand and won't" read any more of his magazine articles. Everything >in quotes is from Jeff's posting to the subject of John Ramsey. > >In the first paragraph of his recent magazine article he tells us that >there is something "magical" about ham radio. That's a lie, Jeff. It is >all simple physics. No way. Saturday nite, I tossed 30 feet of wire over a 16-foot tree limb, and promptly worked St. Martin on 75M SSB, and up and down the East Coast on 160. Without magic, that's not possible. :-) > >He also says that every one of the radios he built has given him pleasure. >Then in his Internet posting he talks about getting mad, experiencing >difficulties, and problems with the FTR-146. One of those statements is a >lie. He didn't say what kind of pleasure. Perhaps he enjoyed dropping the FTR-146 from the top of the tower :-) I quite enjoy Jeff's lucid, 'you can do it' approach to his QST writings. Reminds me of early DeMaw. Keep it up Jeff. Greg ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 22 Feb 1994 14:41:45 GMT From: agate!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!sdd.hp.com!hpscit.sc.hp.com!hplextra!hplb!hpwin052!hpqmoea!dstock@network.ucsd.edu Subject: Jeff Gold To: info-hams@ucsd.edu A somewhat appropriate quote from the bloke who invented the geosynchronous satellite: ************************************************************************* "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic" - Arthur C Clarke *********************************************************************** The word "sufficiently" is for lawyers to argue over. David ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 21 Feb 1994 16:34:45 GMT From: agate!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!moe.ksu.ksu.edu!usenet-feed.umr.edu!crunch.nuc.umr.edu!sidener@ames.arpa Subject: MOTOROLA MITREK To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Does anyone have ant experiance, hints, or tips on converting a Motorola Mitrek VHF band radio into a repeater? I would appreciate any comments. Thanks, N0WFL Scott Sidener sidener@crunch.nuc.umr.edu ------------------------------ Date: Sun, 20 Feb 1994 13:00:46 -0700 From: agate!library.ucla.edu!news.mic.ucla.edu!unixg.ubc.ca!nntp.cs.ubc.ca!alberta!adec23!ve6mgs!usenet@network.ucsd.edu Subject: Ohio/Penn DX Bulletin #148 To: info-hams@ucsd.edu SB DX @ ALLBBS $OPDX.148 Ohio/Penn DX Bulletin No. 148 The Ohio/Penn Dx PacketCluster DX Bulletin No. 148 BID: $OPDX.148 February 21, 1994 Editor Tedd Mirgliotta, KB8NW Provided by BARF-80 BBS Cleveland, Ohio Online at 216-237-8208 14400/9600/2400/1200/300 8/N/1 Thanks to the Northern Ohio Amateur Radio Society, Northern Ohio DX Association, Ohio/Penn PacketCluster Network, ARRL DX Bulletin, DL7VEE & DXNL, DF4RD, ON7GB, VP2ML, NT2X, K4CEF & Southeastern Cluster Group, WA6YOU and AH9B for the following DX information. 3Y0PI, PETER I ISLAND (UPDATE). (ed.- A DXpedition of "EXCELLENCE") Now that the 3Y0PI operation is history, there is only one word to describe this DXpedition, "SUPER". Making 60,000 QSOs, the Peter I DXpedition team (Ralph/K0IR, Tony/WA4JQS, Bob/N4GCK, Bob/KK6EK, Terry/W6MKB, Willy/HB9AHL, Peter/ON6TT and Martin Tosseyn, a Belgian, who is a non-ham, but acted as campsite manager looking after the tents, food and generators.) should be commmended for a well organized operation despite set backs, such as being hit with major snow storms, equipment being damaged during their landing on the island and the storms freezing generators and damaging antennas. But members of the team were technical enough to repair some things so all operations were not lost. The operation has officially gone QRT February 16th, but as this bulletin was being written during the weekend some of the team remains on the island. Extremely bad weather has hampered efforts to get the team off the island. A fax sent to WA4JQS's mother, Ada, from the Russian ship which is picking up the 3Y0PI operators indicated the following: At 2315Z February 18, only two operators (K0IR and HB9AHL) had made it to the ship via only one helicopter run. 1. Very slow evacuation from the island because of bad weather (too much fog). Helicopter flights very risky and difficult. 2. Two operators are already on board the Russian vessel. Only one flight was possible yet. 3. Everybody is OK and waiting for better weather..... Once the 3Y team is safely aboard the Russian ship, they will be taken to Puntas Arenas, Chile to take flight home, instead of a long sea trip home. (UPDATE February 20th at 0001z: Operators still on the island and they are now in a middle of a tremendous blizzard. Currently, very little equipment has been taken to the Russian ship and all are doing fine. In case of extreme emergency, they will evacuate the island leaving all equipment behind.) (Another UPDATE just before going to print: A fax sent Sunday morning indicated that 5 of the operators and half of the equipment from the DXpedition are now safely aboard the Russian ship. Tony, WA4JQS, and 3 others operators still remain on the island, but all are expected to be completely off the island by 1700z Sunday.) OH YEA! There is one more group to be commended during the 3Y0PI operation and that would be the amateurs (DXers/Non-Dxers) all over the world. The amateurs of the world were on their best behavior, EVER, during this DXpedition. There were no real major problems of deliberate interference or an overabundance of policemen on patrol (only a couple of minor infractions). This can be attributed to the amount of 3Y0PI stations operating at the same time and the amount of spectrum they used. It is a shame that most DXpeditions are not well thought out (ORGANIZED) and planned like the 3Y0PI. HS, SAMUI ISLAND - IOTA AS-101 (THAILAND). A group of Thailand amateurs will activate this island sometime in March, no specific dates were mentioned. Samui Island is located in the Malay Peninsula North East group and has not been active for two years. During the operation the operators will pay special attention to the WARC bands. Operators are only allowed to operate on these bands with a special licences and can only obtain these licences for special occasions (such as an IOTA activity). KH8, AMERICAN SAMOA. Andy, G4ZVJ, will be active from February 16 thru March 16, as AH8F. He will be active mostly on CW, only little SSB and RTTY. KP5, DESECHEO ISLAND. Bad news! The ARRL DX Buletin and other sources report that the upcoming DXpedition for the SSB weekend of the ARRL International DX Contest has been cancelled. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has denied landing permission because a group of Haitian squatters are on the island. The Coast Guard was unsuccessful in removing them, and reports are that the U.S. Navy may be called to remove the group. Until this situation is resolved, no landing permission can be given. AB4JI and crew hope to make last minute arrangements to operate from another island. PY, BRAZIL. PY0A and PY0B will be active from Abrolhos Archipeligo (IOTA SA-019) from February 23-28. This island is located in the Bahia State South group and will only count for Brazil. Activity will be CW/SSB on 10-80 meters. QSL to Roberto Stuckert PT1GTI, P.O. Box 09647, 70001-970, Brasilia DF Brasil. T5, SOMALIA. Ron, WA6YOU, will be active from Mogadishu from February 24th thru March 4th (Information was not clear. It may be March 24th thru April 4th). He will sign T5YOU and will be active on a time available basis from 1800-2000z daily. Due to location constraints, his rig will be an Icom 735 and a dipole antenna. Ron will attempt to operate on the usual DX splits on 15/20 meters SSB only. QSL to WA6YOU direct. TI9, COCOS ISLAND (UPDATE). Members of OKDXA and the Young Gunners DX Foundation are in the final stages of planning a May 94 DXpedition to Cocos Island. The trip will last for 10 days beginning around the 2nd week of May. Transportation has been obtained, permission to land and operate has also been granted. This will be a full-scale, multi-national effort with about 12 ops. There will be six stations, including one dedicated satellite and another to RTTY. Heavy emphasis will be given to CW and WARC bands. The co-leaders of the team are Javier/AH6MM and Craig/AH9B. Other operators include V73C, AD1S, TI2JJP, XE2CQ, NH6UY, N5MIH and Dr. Pete/N0AFW. QSLs will be handled by OKDXA, Box 88 Wellston, OK 74881. WORLD NEWS....... A rumor is circulating around 20 meters that Voice of America had a report on the air that all BY hams have been rounded up and sent to labor camps. Apparently, they were charged for "listening to unauthorized frequencies". No more info is available on this one, but there has not been any BY QSN reports on the Ohio/Penn Network since February 1st. Hope it is not true. (This information from KN4QS.).... ..... According to Ed, NT2X, the Reuter news agency had a report on the Spralty Islands (which are contested by several nations). The report states that two of the countries which contest the islands, China (PRC) and Taiwan (ROC), will have a joint scientific expedition that will explore the Spratly Archipelago. A Chinese oceanographic vessel will carry a team of scientists, including 9 ROC citizens. This is a first such joint trip since the end of the Chinese civil war in 1949. There were no details when all this takes place, and obviously, this is not amateur radio related, but perhaps the BV and BY stations may find a way to put a different twist on a Spratly DXpedition in the future. XF4, REVILLA GIGEDO. Hector, XE1BEF, and others plan to activate XF0C, from February 18 thru March 4. Activity will be all bands 160-6 meters on CW/SSB/RTTY. QSL via XE1BEF. ZS0, PENGUIN ISLANDS. Just a reminder to begin looking for Baldur, DJ6SI, and others as ZS0X, February 23-28. This will probably be the last ZS0 operation to count for DXCC. Word has it that Baldur and crew will stay after the 28th and use V5 callsigns. FAX YOUR DX INFORMATION NOW! Faxing is available Monday/Wednesday/Friday from 0430 to 2330z only. The number is 216-237-8208 and the FAX card is sharing the same phone line as BARF-80 BBS using a data/fax/phone switch. Excerpts and distribution of The OPDX Bulletin are granted as long as OPDX/BARF80 receive credit. To contribute DX info, call BARF-80 BBS online at 216-237-8208 14400/9600/2400/1200/300 and leave a message with the Sysop or send InterNet Mail to: aq474@cleveland.freenet.edu or send BitNet Mail to: aq474%cleveland.freenet@cunyvm or send PRODIGY Mail to: DFJH48A or send a message via packet to KB8NW @ WA8BXN.OH.USA.NA /EXIT ---------------------------- Tedd Mirgliotta KB8NW InterNet: kb8nw@barf80.nshore.org Basic Amateur Radio Frequency BBS (BARF-80) +1 216/237-8208 "Totally devoted to Amateur Radio" - 24 Hrs a day 8/N/1 14.4k-300 baud ------------------------------ Date: 21 Feb 1994 19:48:42 GMT From: agate!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!ux4.cso.uiuc.edu!ahall@ames.arpa Subject: TS830s FOR SALE!!! To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Hello everyone, Have to get this off quick, or I'll be late to class. Synton Amateur Radio Club of the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, is selling off it's old equipment in the hopes of bettering it's DX station. Help us get a great rig! TS-830s --> $550 starters. Give me an e-mail message!!! 73's Allen Hall n9rzc@uiuc.edu Pres. Synton Amateur Rado Club UIUC ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 21 Feb 1994 09:53:41 -0600 From: agate!howland.reston.ans.net!cs.utexas.edu!asuvax!pitstop.mcd.mot.com!mcdphx!schbbs!mothost!lmpsbbs!NewsWatcher!user@ames.arpa Subject: UHF repeater antenna bug To: info-hams@ucsd.edu In article <761466217.AA09706@psybbs.durham.nc.us>, Dave.Hockaday%f160.n151.z1@psybbs.durham.nc.us (Dave Hockaday) wrote: > > To: ALL > Subj: REPEATER ANTENNA PROBLEMS... > > I have a situation on a UHF repeater installation that has me > puzzled. I could certainly use any input that might be out there... > Here are the system specifics...Antenna: Anli A-1000 (looks like the > Diamond x-500 inside and out). We have one of these antennas down in > Wilson, NC on the 147,30+ repeater and it performs very nicely on VHF. > It was quite an improvement over a sick 4 bay dipole array that was > up....Feedline: 200 feet of Andrews Heliax 7/8". The feedline is > terminated with a UHF connector on the bottom, a jumper of RG-225 > connects the lower end of the hardline to the duplexers. The upper end > of the heliax is terminated with a type N connector. Another short > jumper (about 2 feet long) of RG-225 connects the hardline to the > antenna. The antenna is mounted on top of a 150 foot tower. I don't recognize RG-225 by number - are you SURE that it is 50 ohms? > At the duplexers, looking up through the first rg-225 > jumper/hardline/jumper/antenna I see about 22 watts out with about 5 > coming back(!!). SERIOUS TROUBLE HERE!! > This is measured with a URM-120 mil-spec directional > wattmeter...a Daiwa uhf swr meter sees about 2.5:1(!). Don't condemn the wattmeter yet - it has a different length pickup element and is probably telling the truth. > Now, if I move > the URM-120 to the hardline input (immediately after the first jumper) > I see about 28 watts out with 3 coming back and about 1.7:1 on the > Daiwa. I climbed the tower, terminated the hardline at the top with a > 50 ohm dummy load that's good to 1 ghz, came back down, pumped 20 watts > on UHF directly into the hardline at the bottom. I measured about 11 > watts making it out the top (the specs for at 450 mhz are about > 2.8db/200 ft)...about right for the length... Critical measurement missing... what was the apparent VSWR when you had the 50 ohm pure resistive termination on the end of the line? It should have been 1.0 if the cable and wattmeter are both good, and I'll bet both wattmeters would show 1.0. > It seems to me that the > feedline impedance is more like either 38ish or 75ish ohms with that > type of response...The antenna measures flat at the feedpoint, but the > rest of the system is a bit nutty. With the reflected power at > the duplexers, I'm having a little desense. If you measured the antenna VSWR with both meters DIRECTLY at the base of the antenna, what did each of them show? You should have gotten 1.0 with both meters, telling you that the top jumper cable was bad. > Any ideas on the problem?? It really has me stumped...Oh yeah, if I > vary the length of the jumper at the top between the hardline and > antenna, the reflected power and swr at the bottom runs all over the > place!! Please help if you have any input. 73 de WB4IUY > ___ > X OLX 2.2 X "What ?!? This isn't the file section ?!?" Your last statement tells all. If the SWR varies that much with cable length, you definitely DO have a high VSWR in the antenna. I suspect you took a lightning hit and smoked the antenna. The lightning probably melted out the solder joints between the coaxial sections that make up the antenna, so it still radiates, but with the main lobe nowhere near the horizon. -- Karl Beckman, P.E. < STUPIDITY is an elemental force for which > Motorola Comm - Fixed Data < no earthquake is a match. -- Karl Kraus > Some of the opinions expressed above aren't even claimed by the author! Amateur radio WA8NVW @ K8MR.NEOH.USA.NA NavyMARS VBH @ NOGBN.NOASI ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 21 Feb 1994 16:48:20 GMT From: elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!usc!cs.utexas.edu!asuvax!pitstop.mcd.mot.com!mcdphx!schbbs!waters.corp.mot.com.corp.mot.com!user@ames.arpa To: info-hams@ucsd.edu References , <2jqtltINNkan@abyss.West.Sun.COM>, .mo Subject : Jef Harmon (was Re: RAMSEY FX TRANSCEIVER In article , jherman@uhunix3.uhcc.Hawaii.Edu (Jeff Herman) wrote: > In article <2jqtltINNkan@abyss.West.Sun.COM> myers@pongo.West.Sun.COM (Dana Myers ) writes: > > .......... > >By the way, be sure to read alt.radio.pirate; ..... > > _NOW_ I understand your stance, Dana; now I understand why you continue to > come to the defense of suspected illegals. > > Hmmm, I wonder if there might be a bit of piracy in your past. That might > explain your defending those I chastise for promoting illegal operations. > Maybe you're feeling a little guilty? > > And don't say ``Get over it Jeff'' because now I will always suspect your > past. I have to wonder if there is a living person who's past Jef *doesn't* suspect? How is your potty patrol going Jeff? Still finding nastly people misbehaving in the bathrooms at U of H? ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 21 Feb 1994 19:17:31 GMT From: agate!howland.reston.ans.net!news.intercon.com!udel!news.sprintlink.net!direct!kg7bk@ames.arpa To: info-hams@ucsd.edu References <2k2r9g$e2v@bigfoot.wustl.edu>, , <2k4hh4$4q2@bigfoot.wustl.edu> Subject : Re: Jeff Gold Jesse L Wei (jlw3@cec2.wustl.edu) wrote: : I only hope you're arguing (well maybe just contradicting) just for the : sake of doing so. --jesse Hi Jesse, my server died and my last posting apparently didn't make it. This original posting was pure sarcasm, I called it ridiculous in the posting, and I never, never thought anyone would take it seriously. I appologize to anyone who did. The whole purpose was to hand Jeff a mirror. 73, Cecil, kg7bk@indirect.com ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 21 Feb 1994 19:19:40 GMT From: agate!howland.reston.ans.net!news.intercon.com!udel!news.sprintlink.net!direct!kg7bk@ames.arpa To: info-hams@ucsd.edu References , <2k2p2kINNmbh@abyss.West.Sun.COM>, Subject : Re: Ramsey mod list? (was Re: RAMSEY FX TRANSCEIVER : Someone has set up a library of mods including those for the FXs and I just : can't remember where it is but it was no more than a couple of weeks ago. The Ramsey mods are on world.std.com under /pub/hamradio/mods/ramsey 73, Cecil, kg7bk@indirect.com ------------------------------ End of Info-Hams Digest V94 #190 ****************************** ******************************